unidad 3 y 4

UNIDADES 3 Y 4 DE RUBELIS

3.-Student Numbers 

OK, many teachers already use this idea, but for those of you who aren't, it's absolutely wonderful and easy to do. Each student in my class is assigned a student number from one to 25, going alphabetically by last name. This is their number for the entire year. All materials in the classroom are numbered accordingly: textbooks, mailboxes, backpack hooks, pencils, markers and marker lids, glue bottles, etc. I used to label everything with students' names and then relabel everything the next year, so this saves me loads of time from year to year. And when a student moves, all of their materials get packed up, but are ready for the next student without changing the labels. 

We also line up every day according to student number, with number one as the line leader on the first day of school, numberd two on the second day, etc. This allows everyone to have their place in line without the worry of "cutting." Students also sit on the carpet for read-aloud in numbered order.

Collecting papers and grading is a breeze when all of your student numbers correspond to numbers in your grade book. I also have an easy check off list with the student numbers for collecting items such as field trip forms. You can also easily divide the students up into groups using their student numbers. I often will call "evens" and "odds," for example, to divide the class into teams for games.

ACTIVITIES

De acuerdo a las ilustraciones el texto esta relacionado con estudiantes, nombres  y con números.

IDEA GENERAL DEL TEXTO

Cada estudiante de la clase tiene un numero asignado desde el uno al veinticinco y todos los materiales del salón están numerados de acuerdo a ese mismo orden.

PALABRAS QUE SE REPITEN

Numbers,student,name,, grade.

PALABRAS QUE SE PARECEN EN ESPAÑOL

Student, grade, use, idea, assigned, material, correspond, list.

PALABRAS EN NEGRITA, TITULOS O SUBTITULOS QUE AYUDAN A COMPRENDER EL TEXTO

Student Numbers,

Each student in my class is assigned a student number from one to 25

. All materials in the classroom are numbered accordingly

We also line up every day according to student number

." Students also sit on the carpet for read-aloud in numbered order.

Collecting papers and grading

 check off list with the student numbers for collecting items such as field trip forms. You can also easily divide the students up into groups using their student number

DE QUE TRATA EL TEXTO

Presenta la estrategia de identificar a cada estudiante con un numero durante todo el año para facilitar la organización de sus útiles escolares y demás actividades que se presenten.

4.-

A. - LEARNING OBJECT

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) defines a learning object as "any entity, digital or non-digital, that may be used for learning, education or training".^[5]

Chiappe defined Learning Objects as: "A digital self-contained and reusable entity, with a clear educational purpose, with at least three internal and editable components: content, learning activities and elements of context. The learning objects must have an external structure of information to facilitate their identification, storage and retrieval: the metadata."^[6]

The following definitions focus on the relation between learning object and digital media. RLO-CETL, a British inter-university Learning Objects Center, defines "reusable learning objects" as "web-based interactive chunks of e-learning designed to explain a stand-alone learning objective".^[7] Daniel Rehak and Robin Mason define it as "a digitized entity which can be used, reused or referenced during technology supported learning".^[8]

Adapting a definition from the Wisconsin Online Resource Center, Robert J. Beck suggests that learning objects have the following key characteristics:

·         Learning objects are a new way of thinking about learning content. Traditionally, content comes in a several hour chunk. Learning objects are much smaller units of learning, typically ranging from 2 minutes to 15 minutes.

·         Are self-contained – each learning object can be taken independently

·         Are reusable – a single learning object may be used in multiple contexts for multiple purposes

·         Can be aggregated – learning objects can be grouped into larger collections of content, including traditional course structures

·         Are tagged with metadata – every learning object has descriptive information allowing it to be easily found by a search^[4]

 

The following is a list of some of the types of information that may be included in a learning object and its metadata:

·         General Course Descriptive Data, including: course identifiers, language of content (English, Spanish, etc.), subject area (Maths, Reading, etc.), descriptive text, descriptive keywords

·         Life Cycle, including: versión , status

·         Instructional Content, including: text, web pages, images, sound, video

·         Glossary of Terms, including: terms, definition, acronyms

·         Quizzes and Assessments, including: questions, answers

·         Rights, including: cost, copyrights, restrictions on Use

·         Relationships to Other Courses, including prerequisite courses

·         Educational Level, including: grade level, age range, typical learning time, and difficulty. [IEEE 1484.12.1:2002]

DEFINICIONES

"Any entity, digital or non-digital, that may be used for learning, education or training"

 "A digital self-contained and reusable entity, with a clear educational purpose, with at least three internal and editable components: content, learning activities and elements of context.

MARCADORES DE DEFINICION

Defines as,

DE QUE TRATA EL TEXTO

Trata sobre los objetos de aprendizaje los cuales se definen como cualquier ente digital o no digital que puede ser  usado para aprender, en educación o entrenamiento.

 

B. - The development of writing

Starting in about 3500 BC, various writing systems were developed in ancient civilizations around the world. In Egypt fully developed hieroglyphs that could be read in rebus fashion were in use at Abydos as early as 3400 BC.^[12] Later, the world's oldest known alphabt was developed in central Egypt around 2000 BC from a hieroglyphic prototype. One hieroglyphic script was used on stone monuments,^[13] other cursive scripts were used for writing in ink on papyrus,^[13] a flexible, paper-like material, made from the stems of reeds that grow in marshes and beside rivers such as the River Nile.

The Phoenician writing system was adapted from the Proto-Canaanite script in around the 11th century BC, which in turn borrowed ideas from Egyptian hieroglyphics. This script was adapted by the Greeks. A variant of the early Greek alphabet gave rise to the Etruscan alphabet, and its own descendants, such as the Latin alphab. Other descendants from the Greek alphabet include the Cyrillic alphabet, used to write Russian, among others.

The Phoenician system was also adapted into the Aramaic script, from which the Hebrew script and also that of Arabic are descended.

In China, the early oracle bone script has survived on tens of thousands of oracle bones dating from around 1400-1200 BC in the Shang Dynasty. Out of more than 2500 written characters in use in China in about 1200 BC, as many as 1400 are identifiable as the source of later standard Chinese characters.^[14]

Of several pre-Columbian scripts in Mesoamerica, the one that appears to have been best developed, and the one to be deciphered the most, is the Maya script. The earliest inscriptions which are identifiably Maya date to the 3rd century BC, and writing was in continuous use until shortly after the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores in the 16th century AD.

Other surfaces used for early writing include wax-covered writing boards (used, as well as clay tablets, by the Assyrians), sheets or strips of bark from trees (in Indonesia, Tibet and the Americas),^[15] the thick palm-like leaves of a particular tree, the leaves then punctured with a hole and stacked together like the pages of a book (these writings in India and South east Asia include Buddhist scriptures and Sanskrit literature),^[16] parchment, made of goatskin that had been soaked and scraped to remove hair, which was used from at least the 2nd century BC, vellum, made from calfskin, and wax tablets which could be wiped clean to provide a fresh surface (in Roman times).

MARCADORES DE TIEMPO

Starting in about 3500 BC

Later

Around the 11th century BC,

In the 16th century AD.

IDEA GENERAL DEL TEXTO

El texto trata sobre el desarrollo de la escritura en las primeras civilizaciones.